The Old Man and the Sea an American Academy Award of Arts and Letters

1952 novel past Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea

Original book cover
Author	Ernest Hemingway
State	Us
Language	English
Genre	Literary Fiction
Published	1952 (Charles Scribner'south Sons)
Media type	Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages	127
Awards	Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1953) Nobel Prize in Literature (1954)
ISBN	0-684-80122-1
Dewey Decimal	813.52
LC Course	PS3515.E37

The Former Man and the Sea is a novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cayo Blanco (Republic of cuba), and published in 1952.^[i] It was the last major work of fiction written past Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Republic of cuba.^[2]

In 1953, The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was cited by the Nobel Commission every bit contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Hemingway in 1954.^[two]

Plot summary [edit]

Santiago is an aging, experienced fisherman who has gone eighty-4 days without catching a fish. He is now seen as "salao" (colloquial pronunciation of "salado", which means salty), the worst form of unlucky. Manolin, a beau whom Santiago has trained since childhood, has been forced by his parents to work on a luckier boat. Manolin remains dedicated to Santiago, visiting his shack each night, hauling his fishing gear, preparing nutrient, and talking about American baseball and Santiago's favorite actor, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago says that tomorrow, he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream, n of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is nigh its end.

On the lxxx-fifth mean solar day of his unlucky streak, Santiago takes his skiff out early on. By noon, he has hooked a large fish that he is sure is a marlin, but he is unable to booty it in. He is unwilling to tie the line to the boat for fear that a sudden jerk from the fish would interruption the line. With his back, shoulders, and easily, he holds the line for two days and nights. He gives slack equally needed while the marlin pulls him far from land. He uses his other hooks to take hold of fish and a dolphinfish^[a] to eat. The line cuts his easily, his trunk is sore, and he sleeps niggling. Despite this, he expresses compassion and appreciation for the marlin, frequently referring to him every bit a blood brother. He determines that no one is worthy enough to eat the marlin.

On the third day, the fatigued marlin begins to circle the skiff. Santiago, about delirious, draws the line in, bringing the marlin towards the boat. He pulls the marlin onto its side and stabs it with a harpoon, killing information technology. Seeing that the fish is too large to fit in the skiff, Santiago lashes it to the side of his boat. He sets canvass for dwelling house, thinking of the loftier toll the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed.

The trail of blood from the dead marlin attracts sharks. Santiago berates himself for having gone out likewise far. He kills a groovy mako shark with his harpoon only loses the weapon. He makes a spear by strapping his knife to the end of an oar. He kills three more sharks before the blade of the pocketknife snaps, and he clubs two more sharks into submission. Just each shark has bitten the nifty marlin, increasing the flow of claret. That dark, an entire school of sharks arrives. Santiago attempts to trounce them dorsum. When the oar breaks, Santiago rips out the skiff'due south tiller and continues fighting. Upon seeing a shark endeavour to eat the marlin's head, Santiago realizes the fish has been completely devoured. He tells the sharks they take killed his dreams.

Santiago reaches shore before dawn the side by side day. He struggles to his shack, leaving the fish head and skeleton with his skiff. Once dwelling house, he falls into a deep sleep. In the morning, Manolin finds Santiago. Every bit he leaves to get coffee for Santiago, he cries. A group of fishermen have gathered effectually the remains of the marlin. One of them measures it at eighteen feet (five.5 thou) from nose to tail. The fishermen tell Manolin to tell Santiago how pitiful they are. A pair of tourists at a nearby café mistake the expressionless fish for a shark. When Santiago wakes, he donates the head of the fish to Pedrico, a young man fisherman who has long been kind to Santiago. He and Manolin hope to fish together once again. Santiago returns to sleep, and he dreams of his youth and of lions on an African embankment.

Background and publication [edit]

No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in .... I tried to make a real old human being, a existent boy, a real sea and a real fish and real sharks. But if I fabricated them expert and truthful enough they would mean many things.

Ernest Hemingway in 1954^[3]

Written in 1951, The Quondam Man and the Sea is Hemingway's last full-length work published during his lifetime. The book, dedicated to Charlie Scribner and to Hemingway's literary editor Max Perkins,^{[4] [5]} was simultaneously published in book class – featuring a comprehend illustration past his young muse, Adriana Ivancich, ^[6] and black and white illustrations past Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard^[7] – and featured in Life magazine on September 1, 1952. The start edition print run of the volume was 50,000 copies and v million copies of the magazine were sold in two days.^{[8] [9]}

The Old Human and the Body of water became a Book of the Month Gild option, and made Hemingway a glory.^[10] In May 1953, the novel received the Pulitzer Prize^[seven] and was specifically cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he defended to the Cuban people.^{[11] [12]} The success of The Quondam Man and the Sea fabricated Hemingway an international celebrity.^[10] The Old Homo and the Body of water is taught at schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties.^[13]

Literary significance and criticism [edit]

The Former Man and the Body of water served to reinvigorate Hemingway's literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire torso of work. The novel was initially received with much popularity; it restored many readers' confidence in Hemingway's adequacy as an author. Its publisher, Scribner's, on an early on dust jacket, called the novel a "new archetype", and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner'south 1942 brusk story The Bear and Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick.

Several critics note that Santiago hails from the Canary Islands, and that his Spanish origins take an influence in the novella.^{[xiv] [15] [xvi]} "Santiago is a Spaniard living in Cuba," Jeffrey Herlihy comments, and his "Spanish self is an absent but always-present factor in the novel."^[17] After immigrating to Republic of cuba in his 20s, he has adopted Cuban dress, food preferences, and "speaks 2 dialects of the Spanish language."^[18] Every night Santiago dreams most Spain, and this "nostalgic reminiscing—which is for the Canary Islands, not Cuba—evidences the resonant influences of his Spanish/Canarian identity, foregrounding the migrant feel of the sometime human being as a concealed foundation to the novella"^[14] His biography has many similarities to that of Gregorio Fuentes, Hemingway'south kickoff mate.^[14]

Ernest Hemingway and Henry ("Mike") Strater with the remaining 500 lbs of an estimated k lb marlin that was one-half-eaten by sharks before information technology could exist landed in the Bahamas in 1935. Encounter Pilar for details of this episode.

Gregorio Fuentes, who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago, was a blue-eyed man built-in on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. After going to body of water at age ten on ships that called in African ports, he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. Later 82 years in Cuba, Fuentes attempted to repossess his Spanish citizenship in 2001.^[xix] Critics have noted that Santiago was as well at least 22 when he immigrated from Spain to Cuba, and thus old enough to be considered an immigrant—and a foreigner—in Cuba.^{[14] [20]}

Hemingway at outset planned to use Santiago's story, which became The Old Homo and the Sea, equally office of an intimacy between mother and son. Relationships in the book relate to the Bible, which he referred to as "The Sea Book". Some aspects of it did appear in the posthumously published Islands in the Stream (1970). Hemingway mentions the real life feel of an old fisherman almost identical to that of Santiago and his marlin in On the Blue Water: A Gulf Stream Alphabetic character (Esquire, April 1936).^{[21] [22]}

Joseph Waldmeir's 1957 essay "Confiteor Hominem: Ernest Hemingway'south Religion of Homo" is a favorable critical reading of the novel—and ane which has defined analytical considerations since. Perhaps the most memorable claim is Waldmeir's reply to the question—What is the book'southward bulletin?

The respond assumes a 3rd level on which The Old Man and the Body of water must be read—as a sort of allegorical commentary on all his previous work, by means of which it may be established that the religious overtones of The Former Man and the Bounding main are non peculiar to that book among Hemingway's works, and that Hemingway has finally taken the decisive pace in elevating what might exist chosen his philosophy of Manhood to the level of a organized religion.^[23]

Waldmeir considered the function of the novel's Christian imagery,^{[ original research? ]} most notably through Hemingway'south reference to the crucifixion of Christ post-obit Santiago's sighting of the sharks that reads:

"Ay," he said aloud. At that place is no translation for this word and maybe it is just a dissonance such equally a human being might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail become through his hands and into the woods.^[24]

Ane of the most outspoken critics of The One-time Man and the Ocean is Robert P. Weeks. His 1962 slice "Fakery in The Onetime Man and the Body of water" presents his argument that the novel is a weak and unexpected divergence from the typical, realistic Hemingway (referring to the rest of Hemingway'south torso of work equally "earlier glories").^[25] In juxtaposing this novel against Hemingway's previous works, Weeks contends:

The difference, however, in the effectiveness with which Hemingway employs this feature device in his best work and in The Onetime Human and the Body of water is illuminating. The work of fiction in which Hemingway devoted the most attention to natural objects, The Old Man and the Sea, is pieced out with an extraordinary quantity of fakery, extraordinary because 1 would await to notice no inexactness, no romanticizing of natural objects in a author who loathed W. H. Hudson, could not read Thoreau, deplored Melville's rhetoric in Moby Dick, and who was himself criticized past other writers, notably Faulkner, for his devotion to the facts and his unwillingness to 'invent.'^[25]

Legacy [edit]

In 1954, Hemingway wanted to donate his Nobel Prize in Literature gold medal to the Cuban people. To avoid giving it to the Batista regime, he donated it to the Catholic Church for display at the sanctuary at El Cobre, a small boondocks outside Santiago de Cuba where the Marian image of Our Lady of Charity is located. The Swedish medal was stolen in the mid-1980s, but the constabulary recovered it within a few days.^{[26] [27]}

The Old Man and the Sea has been adapted for the screen 3 times: a 1958 movie starring Spencer Tracy, a 1990 miniseries starring Anthony Quinn, and a 1999 animated short motion picture. It also inspired the 2012 Kazakhstani pic The Old Human, which replaces the fisherman with a shepherd struggling to protect his flock from wolves. It is often taught in high schools every bit a part of the U.Southward. literature curriculum. The book was reportedly a favorite of Saddam Hussein.^[28]

In 2003, the volume was listed at number 173 on the BBC'south The Big Read poll of the UK'due south 200 "best-loved novels".^[29]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The fish is referred to every bit a "dolphin," a common name for dolphinfish. Santiago identifies it every bit a dolphinfish when he calls it dorado (p. 73), not delfín.

References [edit]

1. ^ "From Ernest Hemingway to the Editors of Life". Life. Vol. 33, no. eight. August 25, 1952. p. 124. ISSN 0024-3019. Hemingway'southward work is a 27,000-word novel called The Old Human and the Sea.
2. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved March 23, 2020.
3. ^ "Books: An American Storyteller". Fourth dimension. Dec thirteen, 1954. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
4. ^ Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea. p. v
5. ^ Perkins, Maxwell (2004). Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Baughman, Judith (eds.). The sons of Maxwell Perkins: letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and their editor. University of South Carolina Printing. p. xxvii. ISBN1-57003-548-2.
6. ^ Knigge 2012, p. 66.
7. ^ ^{a b} Meyers 1985, p. 489
8. ^ Oliver 1999, p. 247
9. ^ "A Hemingway timeline Any human's life, told truly, is a novel". The Kansas Urban center Star. KansasCity.com. June 27, 1999. Archived from the original on Oct 12, 2008. Retrieved Baronial 29, 2009.
10. ^ ^{a b} Desnoyers, p. 13
11. ^ "Heroes:Life with Papa". Time. November 8, 1954. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
12. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved Oct four, 2009.
13. ^ Meyers 1985, p. 485
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2017). "Cuba in Hemingway". The Hemingway Review. 36 (2): 8–41. doi:10.1353/hem.2017.0001. S2CID 149158145.
15. ^ Republic of guinea Ulecia, Mercedes (2016). "Hibridación lingüística y cultural en autores norteamericanos de origen español". Universidad de Huelva. diss.: 105–107.
16. ^ Herlihy, Jeffrey (2009). "Santiago's Expatriation from Spain". The Hemingway Review. 28: 25–44.
17. ^ Herlihy, Jeffrey (2011). In Paris or Paname: Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism. New York: Rodopi. p. 102. ISBN978-9042034099.
18. ^ Herlihy, Jeffrey (2011). In Paris or Paname: Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism. New York: Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN978-9042034099.
19. ^ "El pescador que inspiró a Hemingway 'El viejo y el mar' recupera la nacionalidad española". Retrieved June 7, 2013.
20. ^ Herlihy, Jeffrey. "Optics the same color as the ocean: Santiago'due south Expatriation from Spain and Ethnic Otherness and in Hemingway's the Erstwhile Man and the Sea". Hemingway Review. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
21. ^ Old Man and the Sea. Introduction: The Ripening of a Masterpiece. Simon and Schuster. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
22. ^ Hemingway, Ernest (edited by William White) (1967). By-Line: Ernest Hemingway. Selected articles and dispatches of four decades. New York: Scribner's.
23. ^ Joseph Waldmeir (1957). "Confiteor Hominem: Ernest Hemingway'due south Religion of Man". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Messages. XLII: 349–356.
24. ^ Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea. p. 118
25. ^ ^{a b} Robert P. Weeks, Robert P. (1962). "Fakery in The Onetime Man and the Ocean". College English. XXIV (iii): 188–192. doi:10.2307/373283. JSTOR 373283.
26. ^ Miller, Tom (October iv, 2009). "Off The Shelf: The twenty-four hours Hemingway's Nobel Prize came out of hiding". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June half-dozen, 2020.
27. ^ "Huffington Post". HuffPost. March 27, 2012. Retrieved October vii, 2014.
28. ^ "Regime Strategic Intent — Cardinal Intelligence Agency". world wide web.cia.gov. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
29. ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. Apr 2003, Retrieved August 23, 2017

Farther reading [edit]

• Baker, Carlos (1972). Hemingway: The Author as Artist (4th ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN0-691-01305-v.
• Jobes, Katharine T., ed. (1968). Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Old Human and the Bounding main. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-633917-4.
• Knigge, Jobst C. (2012). "Hemingway's Venetian muse Adriana Ivancich" (PDF). A Contribution to the Biography of Ernest Hemingway.
• Mellow, James R. (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-37777-3.
• Young, Philip (1952). Ernest Hemingway . New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. ISBN0-8166-0191-7.
• Rosella Mamoli Zorzi; Gianni Moriani; Arrigo Cipriani (2011). In Venice and in the Veneto with Ernest Hemingway. In Venice and in the Veneto with... (in English language and Italian). Venice: Supernova. pp. III, 62. ISBN9788896220474. OCLC 843177468. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019.

External links [edit]

• The Quondam Man and the Sea at Faded Page (Canada)
• Rare, Unseen: Hemingway in Republic of cuba—slideshow by Life magazine
• "Michael Palin's Hemingway Chance: Republic of cuba". PBS. Retrieved January 21, 2006.

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Winston Churchill 1953	Nobel Prize in Literature 1954	Succeeded by Halldór Laxness 1955

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea

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